Overview
Acute kidney injury is a rapid decrease in kidney function that occurs over hours to days. It makes it harder for the kidneys to remove waste, maintain the right amount of fluid in the body, and regulate electrolytes. Chronic kidney disease gets worse over time, but AKI happens suddenly and can be treated quickly to stop it from getting worse. The condition is common in patients who are in the hospital, especially those who are very sick, dehydrated, or having major surgery. Recognizing acute kidney injury early is very important because if it is not treated, it can lead to serious problems like fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, and even permanent damage to the kidneys.
Symptoms
The symptoms may vary in severity. Some people have less urine output, swelling in their legs or face, fatigue, nausea, and confusion. Fluid buildup in the lungs can make it hard to breathe. In mild cases, there may be no obvious symptoms, and blood tests are the only way to detect AKI. In serious cases, the heart may beat irregularly, or seizures may happen.
Causes
Acute kidney injury can happen when blood flow to the kidneys is cut off, the kidneys are directly damaged, or urine flow is blocked. Some of the most common causes are severe dehydration, blood loss, infections, certain medications, heart failure, or blockage from kidney stones or an enlarged prostate. Toxins and contrast dyes used in imaging tests can also hamper kidney function.
Diagnosis
Blood tests measuring creatinine and electrolyte levels, as well as urine tests assessing kidney function, are used to diagnose the condition. Doctors look at recent illnesses, medications, and the body's fluid volume. To rule out urinary obstruction, imaging tests such as an ultrasound may be performed.
Treatment
The goal of treatment is to address the underlying problem and improve kidney function. It's important to replace fluids, stop taking harmful medications, and treat infections. Sometimes, medications can help with fluid overload or electrolyte imbalance.
How bad the situation is and how quickly it is treated will determine the outcome. If treated early, many people completely recover. But severe or untreated cases can cause chronic kidney disease or long-term problems. Regular follow-up makes sure you get better.