Overview

Bone cancer is a malignant neoplasm that arises from bone cells. There are two types of bone cancer: primary bone cancer, which starts in the bone itself, and secondary bone cancer, which happens when cancer spreads from another part of the body. There aren't many primary bone cancers, but some examples are osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma. Depending on the type, bone cancer can affect kids, teens, or adults. It is important to detect the disease early because it can weaken bones and spread to other organs if left untreated.

Symptoms
Some common signs are constant bone pain that gets worse over time and may get worse at night. There may be swelling, tenderness, or a lump near the area that is hurt. People may break bones after small injuries because their bones are weak. In advanced cases, fatigue, weight loss, or limited movement may occur.

Causes
We don't know exactly what causes primary bone cancer. Inherited genetic conditions, past radiation therapy, and some bone disorders are all risk factors. Some types of bone growth happen quickly during adolescence. Secondary bone cancer happens when cancers like breast or prostate cancer spread to the bones.

Diagnosis
To detect abnormal bone growth, doctors perform a physical exam and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs. A biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis and find out what kind of cancer it is. More tests check whether the cancer has spread.

Treatment
The type and stage of cancer determine the treatment. Surgery to take out the tumor is often the first step in treatment. Before or after surgery, you might get chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In some cases, surgery that doesn't harm the limbs is possible. Rehabilitation and physical therapy help you regain strength and mobility.

The outlook depends on the type of cancer, how far along it is, and how well it responds to treatment. People with early-stage bone cancer have a better chance of living. Better long-term outcomes and quality of life have come from better surgical techniques and chemotherapy.