Overview

Osteomyelitis is a bone infection that happens when bacteria or, less often, fungi get into bone tissue. The infection can reach the bone through the bloodstream, from nearby infected tissue, or through a broken bone or surgical wound. People of all ages can get osteomyelitis, but it is more common in children, older adults, and people with weak immune systems. It most often affects the long bones in the arms and legs or the spine. If not treated promptly, the infection can damage the bone and the surrounding tissues. To avoid problems, it is very important to find and treat the disease early.

Symptoms
Localized bone pain, swelling, warmth, and redness over the affected area are common signs of osteomyelitis. Fever, tiredness, and a general feeling of unwellness are common. Moving the joint next to it may hurt. In chronic cases, symptoms may be less severe but persistent, accompanied by drainage from the affected area. Kids might not want to put weight on or use the hurt limb.

Causes
Bacterial infections, especially those caused by Staphylococcus species, are the most common cause of osteomyelitis. The infection can spread through the blood after another infection, such as one that affects the skin or lungs. It can also happen after surgery, open fractures, or trauma. Diabetes, poor circulation, immune suppression, and medical implants are all risk factors.

Diagnosis
To diagnose, doctors review the patient's medical history, perform a physical exam, and run lab tests to detect signs of infection. X-rays, MRIs, and bone scans are examples of imaging tests that can help identify affected areas. Blood cultures may detect the organism. In some cases, a bone biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment.

Treatment
Most of the time, treatment involves long-term antibiotic therapy, often given intravenously at the beginning. It is important to manage pain and rest the injured area. If a dead bone or an abscess forms, the infected tissue may need to be surgically removed. Managing underlying health conditions, such as diabetes, helps wounds heal faster. Getting treated early and completely reduces the risk of chronic infections and other problems.

Many cases of osteomyelitis resolve without long-term damage if treated promptly. If you wait too long to get care, you could get a chronic infection or lose bone. For a full recovery, it is important to keep up with therapy and follow up regularly.