Overview

An abnormal growth of cells in the brain or the tissues around it, like the meninges, cranial nerves, or pituitary gland, is called a brain tumour. Brain tumours can be either benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can also be divided into two groups: primary, which means they originate in the brain, and secondary (metastatic), which means they spread to the brain from cancers elsewhere in the body. Even benign tumours can be dangerous to life because the skull is a closed space, and increased pressure can harm important brain structures. The impact of a brain tumour on a person depends on its size, location, growth rate, and type.

Symptoms
The symptoms of a brain tumour depend on which part of the brain is affected and how quickly the tumour grows. Headaches that don't go away, seizures, nausea, vomiting, and problems with vision are all common symptoms. Patients may also have trouble speaking, feel weak or numb in their arms or legs, have trouble keeping their balance, or notice changes in their hearing. Changes in memory, mood, or personality, as well as confusion and memory loss, may happen. Symptoms often start slowly but can worsen over time as the pressure inside the skull rises.

Causes
The cause of brain tumours is still unknown. They occur due to genetic mutations that cause cells to grow in an uncontrolled, abnormal way. Certain risk factors may heighten vulnerability, including exposure to elevated radiation levels, hereditary genetic disorders, and the presence of cancer in other body regions. Age can also be a factor, as some tumours are more common in kids and others in adults.

Diagnosis
A thorough medical history and neurological exam to check brain function are the first steps in making a diagnosis. MRI or CT scans are examples of imaging tests that can help find the tumour's size and location. A biopsy is often performed to determine the type of tumour and its severity. More tests help doctors figure out the best line of treatment resulting in better medical outcomes.

Treatment 
The type, size, and location of the tumour, as well as the patient's overall health, will determine the best course of action. Surgery is often the best way to get rid of as much of the tumour as safely as possible. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may be utilized either independently or post-surgery, especially for malignant tumours. Some slowly growing tumours may only need to be watched closely. Rehabilitation therapies, such as physical and speech therapy, help people get better and live better lives.

The prognosis for brain tumours differs significantly. Some tumours respond well to treatment, but others may be aggressive. Improvements in medical technology have made it easier to live longer and better. Long-term follow-up is necessary to track recurrence and address persistent symptoms.