Overview

Coronary artery disease (CAD) occurs when the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood become narrowed or blocked. This happens slowly over time because fatty deposits build up on the inside walls of the arteries. As these deposits grow, they make it harder for oxygen-rich blood to get to the heart muscle. At first, the heart may still work well, but over time, reduced blood flow can affect its function, especially when you're stressed or working out. CAD is a common heart disease that can go undetected for many years.

Symptoms
Chest pain is the most common symptom. People often say it feels like pressure, tightness, or heaviness, especially when they're working hard or under a lot of stress. Angina is what this is. Some people may also feel tired, short of breath, or have pain that spreads to their arms, neck, jaw, or back. But not everyone has clear signs. In some cases, especially in people with diabetes, the signs may not be very strong or may not be what you expect. For some people, the first thing they notice may be a heart attack.

Causes
Atherosclerosis is the process by which plaque builds up in the arteries over time, and this is the main cause of CAD. High cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and not getting enough exercise are all things that increase the risk. A poor diet and long-term stress can also be factors. Age and family history are also factors that increase the likelihood of developing the condition over time.

Diagnosis
A physical exam and a discussion of symptoms and risk factors are usually the first steps in diagnosing. Doctors may use tests such as an ECG to check how the heart is working, blood tests to look for signs of heart strain, and stress tests to see how the heart works under stress. Echocardiography and coronary angiography are imaging tests that help doctors visualize blood flow and identify blockages.

Treatment
The goal of treatment is to improve blood flow to the heart and prevent complications. Often, this means making lifestyle changes, such as eating better, working out regularly, quitting smoking, and managing stress. Doctors may give you medicine to lower your cholesterol, blood pressure, and the chance of blood clots forming. Angioplasty (with stent placement) or bypass surgery may be necessary to restore normal blood flow in more serious cases.