Overview
Fetal growth restriction, or intrauterine growth restriction, is a condition in which a baby does not grow at the rate that is expected during pregnancy. Babies with FGR are smaller than they should be for their age, often because they don't get enough oxygen and nutrients. This is not the same as being constitutionally small but healthy; FGR is a condition that affects development in other ways. It can happen at any point during pregnancy and may raise the risk of problems before and after birth. Prenatal care is very important for early detection so that the health of the fetus can be monitored and the right care can be given.
Symptoms
The mother may not notice any signs of fetal growth restriction. Healthcare providers may observe that the uterus is smaller than anticipated for the gestational age. Sometimes, people report that their baby is moving less. Ultrasound tests usually show that growth is slowing down. In serious cases, fetal heart rate monitoring may reveal abnormal patterns.
Causes
FGR may occur due to placental dysfunction that restricts nutrient and oxygen transfer. Meternal conditions like hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, infections, and malnutrition can be risk factors. Multiple pregnancies and genetic anomalies may be contributing factors.
Diagnosis
Ultrasound is performed to assess fetal size and weight as part of the diagnostic evaluation. Doppler studies assess blood flow through the umbilical cord and placenta. Regular fetal monitoring checks the heart rate and movement. Taking measurements over time helps keep track of growth patterns.
Treatment
The main goal of treatment is to keep a close eye on the health of the fetus. It is very important to have regular prenatal visits and ultrasound tests. Taking care of mothers with conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes leads to better results. If the baby's health is at risk, early delivery may be the best option in some cases. After birth, the baby may need special care.
The prognosis depends on the severity and timing of detection. Monitoring mild cases often leads to healthy outcomes. Severe cases need careful management, but getting help early on makes a big difference in survival and long-term growth.