Overview

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone that happens when there is too much stress or force on it or when the bone is weak. Fractures can be very small, like hairline cracks, or very big, like breaks that change the way bones line up. They are common injuries that can happen to anyone at any age and can happen because of accidents, falls, sports injuries, or trauma. There are two types of fractures: closed (the skin is still intact) and open (the bone breaks through the skin). Depending on how bad they are, they can also be simple or complex. To ensure bones heal properly and normal function is restored, it is important to receive a prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Symptoms
A fracture can cause sudden pain at the injury site, swelling, bruising, and tenderness. Moving the injured limb may hurt or be impossible. In severe fractures, the limb may look deformed or out of place. When a fracture is open, you can see the bone through the skin. Moving or putting pressure on the hurt area usually makes the pain worse.

Causes
Trauma, like falls, car accidents, sports injuries, or direct blows, is the most common cause of fractures. Stress fractures can happen when bones are put under a lot of stress over and over again, especially in athletes. If you have osteoporosis, an infection, or a tumour, your bones are more likely to break even with a small injury. Not eating well and getting older also increase your risk of breaking a bone.

Diagnosis
A physical exam and imaging tests are used to diagnose. X-rays are the most common way to check for broken bones and see how well they are aligned. CT scans or MRIs may be used for complicated fractures, joint fractures, or stress fractures that don't show up well on X-rays.

Treatment
The type, location, and severity of the fracture will determine how it is treated. Many broken bones are treated by placing them in casts, splints, or braces to keep them from moving while they heal naturally. More serious fractures may need the bones to be realigned or fixed with plates, screws, or rods in surgery. Managing pain and getting physical therapy are both important parts of getting better. Moving around early with help can help you regain your strength and mobility.

Most broken bones heal well with the right care and treatment. The time it takes to heal depends on a person's age, the broken bone, and their overall health. Early treatment and rehabilitation reduce the risk of complications and help people safely return to their normal activities.