Overview

Adhesive capsulitis, also known as frozen shoulder, is a condition that causes pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint over time. It happens when the capsule around the shoulder thickens and tightens, making it hard to move normally. The condition usually worsens over time, with pain and stiffness increasing. Adults aged 40 to 60 are more likely to develop frozen shoulder. It is often linked to other health problems, such as diabetes or not being able to move their shoulder for a long time after an injury or surgery. It usually doesn't last forever, but it can take months or years to get better without the right care.

Symptoms
The first signs are dull or aching shoulder pain that worsens with movement and at night. As the condition worsens, stiffness increases, making it hard to lift your arm, reach overhead, or do everyday things like getting dressed or grooming yourself. The range of motion is greatly reduced. Pain may lessen in later stages, but stiffness may endure, hindering daily activities.

Causes
It's not always clear what causes frozen shoulder. It often happens after the shoulder has been less active for a while due to an injury, surgery, or prolonged use in one position. Diabetes, thyroid problems, past shoulder injuries, and changes that come with getting older are all risk factors. When the joint capsule becomes inflamed, it thickens and tightens, making movement difficult.

Diagnosis
A physical exam and medical history are used to diagnose by assessing pain and range of motion. Doctors assess both active and passive shoulder movement. X-rays or MRIs may be used to rule out other possible causes of shoulder pain, like arthritis or a rotator cuff injury.

Treatment
The goal of treatment is to ease pain and restore shoulder movement. Management includes medications to relieve pain and inflammation, as well as physical therapy to help with flexibility and range of motion. It is very important to do gentle stretching exercises. If the problem doesn't resolve, corticosteroid injections or procedures to loosen the capsule may be considered. Getting treatment early helps you get better faster.

Shoulder pain usually improves over time and with the right treatment, but it can take a long time to resolve. Most people regain their normal function. Regular exercise, medical follow-up, and treatment of underlying conditions help prevent the problem from recurring.