Overview

Bleeding in the digestive tract, which includes the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus, is called gastrointestinal bleeding. It is not a disease in and of itself, but it can be a sign of another problem, such as ulcers, inflammation, or blood vessel issues. Gastrointestinal bleeding may be acute and severe or slow and chronic. Depending on the source, it is classified as upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. It can range from a minor blood loss to a life-threatening haemorrhage. Early identification of the cause and prompt treatment are essential to prevent complications such as anaemia or shock.

Symptoms
The symptoms change depending on where the bleeding is and how fast it is happening. Individuals may notice blood in their vomit, black, tarry stools, or bright red blood in their stools. Other signs include stomach pain, weakness, dizziness, and tiredness. A lot of blood loss can make your heart race, your blood pressure drop, and you pass out. Chronic bleeding may present with anaemia-related symptoms, such as pallor and shortness of breath.

Causes
Bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract is caused by peptic ulcers, gastritis, and oesophageal varices. Bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract can be caused by haemorrhoids, diverticular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or colorectal polyps. Medicines ike nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or blood thinners can make bleeding more likely. Infections and tumours may also contribute.

Diagnosis
Medical history, a physical exam, and blood tests to check for blood loss and anaemia are the first steps in diagnosing. Endoscopy is an important test for finding the source of bleeding. A colonoscopy may be performed to determine the cause of bleeding in the lower tract. Imaging studies may be utilised when the origin is ambiguous.

Treatment
The type of treatment depends on the cause and its severity. The first step in treatment is to stabilise the patient with fluids or, if necessary, a blood transfusion. Endoscopic procedures can stop bleeding that is already happening. Medications may reduce stomach acid or help with existing inflammation. In severe or long-lasting cases, surgery or interventional radiology may be needed. Addressing the
The prognosis depends on the aetiology and the speed of intervention. Many cases improve when treated right away. Waiting too long to get help can make things a lot worse. Regular follow-up and risk factor management can prevent recurrence.