Overview

When the kidneys stop filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, this is called kidney failure. It can happen all at once, which is called acute kidney failure, or it can happen slowly over time, which is called end-stage chronic kidney disease. When kidney function declines significantly, harmful toxins and fluids accumulate in the body, affecting many organs. The kidneys also help regulate blood pressure, electrolyte balance, and red blood cell production. If they stop working, many important processes are affected. Kidney failure is a serious medical condition that needs immediate medical attention and, in more severe cases, long-term replacement therapy.

Symptoms
Some signs of kidney failure include reduced urine output, swelling in the legs or face, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. People may experience breathing difficulties, confusion, muscle cramps, and an irregular heartbeat due to an electrolyte imbalance. As toxins build up, you may experience persistent itching, chest pain, or drowsiness in the later stages.

Causes
Long-term diabetes and high blood pressure are two of the most common causes of kidney failure. Other causes include severe infections, autoimmune diseases, progression of chronic kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, and long-term use of certain medicines. If not treated, acute kidney injury can also lead to kidney failure. Genetic disorders and long-term inflammatory diseases raise the risk.

Diagnosis
Blood tests measuring creatinine, urea, and electrolytes, as well as urine tests assessing kidney damage, are used to diagnose kidney disease. Ultrasound and other imaging tests look at the size and shape of the kidneys. Doctors also look for underlying problems and complications that affect other organs.

Treatment
The prognosis depends on the aetiology and the availability of treatment. During the onset period, the focus is on controlling underlying conditions and managing complications. Dialysis is needed to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are severely damaged. Kidney transplantation may be an option for the right people. Dietary restrictions and careful fluid management are important parts of care.

Many people keep their quality of life with dialysis or a transplant. Early diagnosis and proper management greatly increase survival rates and lower the risk of complications.