Overview
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that starts in the lymphatic system, which is part of the body's immune system. The lymphatic system comprises the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow too much. People of all ages can get lymphoma, but some types are more common in kids or older adults. For many patients, early detection and better treatments have greatly increased their chances of living.
Symptoms
Painless swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, armpits, or groin is a common sign. People may have a fever that doesn't go away, night sweats, unexplained weight loss, tiredness, and itching. Some patients develop chest pain, cough, or abdominal discomfort if lymph nodes enlarge in those areas. Symptoms may develop slowly and vary depending on the type of lymphoma.
Causes
We don't know for sure what causes lymphoma. Risk factors include a weak immune system, certain viral infections, autoimmune diseases, and exposure to certain chemicals. Age and family history might also play a role in risk. Some lymphomas are associated with infections, such as the Epstein-Barr virus. Nonetheless, numerous instances arise without discernible risk factors.
Diagnosis
A physical exam and a biopsy of an enlarged lymph node are needed to confirm the type of cancer. Blood tests, imaging tests like CT or PET scans, and evaluation of the bone marrow all help determine the stage of the disease and plan treatment.
Treatment
The kind and stage of lymphoma will determine how it is treated. You can choose between chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a mix of these. Some slowly growing lymphomas may be watched before treatment starts. In some cases, stem cell transplantation may be suggested. Supportive care helps manage side effects and supports your overall health.
Modern treatment has greatly improved the outlook for lymphoma. Many patients go into long-term remission or are cured, especially if they are diagnosed early. Regular follow-up and sticking to treatment greatly improve survival and quality of life.