Overview

Multiple myeloma is a type of blood cancer that starts in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that lives in the bone marrow. Antibodies are made by plasma cells to help the body fight infections. In multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells grow out of control and produce harmful antibodies. These cancer cells replace healthy blood cells and weaken bones. Most of the time, older people get this disease, and it gets worse over time. Multiple myeloma can affect bone strength, kidney function, and the immune system. Many patients are living longer and better lives thanks to early detection and modern treatments.

Symptoms
Common signs include bone pain, especially in the back or ribs; frequent infections; and tiredness and weakness. People may get anaemia, bruise easily, or have kidney problems. When bones break down, calcium levels can get too high, which can make you feel sick, confused, or very thirsty. Some patients are diagnosed incidentally during routine blood tests prior to the onset of symptoms.

Causes
The precise aetiology of multiple myeloma remains unidentified. The risk goes up as you get older, and men are more likely to have it. A family history, some genetic changes, and being around radiation or certain chemicals may make you more likely to get sick. Some people get the disease from a condition that precedes it, called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.

Diagnosis
Blood and urine tests are used to find abnormal proteins made by myeloma cells during diagnosis. A bone marrow test shows the presence of cancerous plasma cells. X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are imaging tests that can detect bone damage. Other tests check how well the kidneys are functioning and the stage of the disease.

Treatment
The stage and the person's overall health will affect the treatment. Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and corticosteroids are all options. For some patients, stem cell transplantation may be the best option. It's important to get supportive care, such as medications that strengthen bones, blood transfusions, and measures to prevent infections. Regular monitoring helps determine how well the treatment is working and make adjustments.

Advanced treatments have made the outlook for multiple myeloma better. Most people think of it as a long-term illness, but many people go into long-term remission. Early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and ongoing follow-up improve survival and quality of life.