Overview

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a condition that narrows the blood vessels that carry blood to the arms and legs, most often the legs. This happens because fat builds up slowly inside the arteries, slowing blood flow. So the leg muscles may not get enough oxygen, especially when they move. PAD develops gradually and is part of the same process that affects the heart in coronary artery disease. Many people don't notice symptoms right away, which is why it often goes undiagnosed until it starts to interfere with daily life.

Symptoms
Claudication, or leg pain or cramping while walking, is the most common sign. When you rest, the pain usually goes away, but it comes back with any activity. Some people have heavy, weak, or tired legs. In later stages, symptoms can include pain even when you're not moving, wounds on your feet that don't heal quickly, or changes in skin color and temperature. There may not be many noticeable symptoms, especially in the beginning.

Causes
Atherosclerosis, in which plaque builds up in the arteries over time, is the main cause of PAD. Smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol are just a few of the things that raise the risk. Smoking is especially bad for you because it damages blood vessels and slows down blood flow. Age and family history are also factors that make some people more likely to get the disease.

Diagnosis
A physical exam and a discussion of symptoms are usually the first steps in diagnosing. The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is a simple test often used to assess reduced blood flow by comparing blood pressure in the arms and legs. Doctors may also use imaging tests, such as an ultrasound, to assess how well blood is flowing through the arteries and detect any blockages.

Treatment
The goal of treatment is to improve blood flow and prevent the condition from worsening. Making lifestyle changes is very important. Quitting smoking, staying active, and eating better can all make a big difference. You may be given medicine to help control your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood flow. In more serious cases, angioplasty or surgery may be needed to open or go around blocked arteries. Many people can manage their symptoms and live a good life with the right care.