Overview

Proteinuria is when there is too much protein in the urine. The kidneys usually filter waste products while retaining important proteins in the blood. When the kidney's filtering units, called glomeruli, are hurt or stressed, protein may get into the urine. Proteinuria is not a disease in itself; it is a sign of kidney problems or a systemic disease. Early detection is important because persistent proteinuria may indicate worsening kidney function and a higher risk of complications.

Symptoms
In the early stages, proteinuria usually doesn't cause noticeable symptoms. Some people may notice that their urine is foamy or frothy because it contains too much protein. If a lot of protein is lost, the face, hands, abdomen, or legs may swell due to fluid retention. In more serious cases, fluid buildup can make you tired and cause weight gain.

Causes
Proteinuria can happen when the kidneys are damaged in different ways. Diabetes, high blood pressure, glomerulonephritis, and nephrotic syndrome are some of the most common reasons. Fever, intense exercise, dehydration, or stress can all cause temporary proteinuria. Infections and autoimmune diseases can also damage kidney filters, leading to protein leakage.

Diagnosis
Most commonly, urine tests are done to check protein levels. A dipstick test might detect protein, but a 24-hour urine collection or a urine protein-to-creatinine ratio provides a more accurate reading. Blood tests check how well the kidneys are working. For detailed diagnosis, imaging or a kidney biopsy may be recommended.

Treatment
The cause and severity of the problem determine the treatment. It is very important to manage underlying conditions such as diabetes or high blood pressure. Doctors often prescribe medicines that protect the kidneys and reduce protein leakage. A low-salt diet, keeping your weight in check, and regular exercise are all good for your kidneys. In serious cases, you need to see a specialist.

The outlook depends on the underlying condition and on receiving treatment in a timely manner. Temporary proteinuria usually resolves on its own without causing long-term harm. Persistent proteinuria requires continuous surveillance, as prompt intervention markedly reduces the risk of progression to kidney disease.