Overview

A herniated or prolapsed disc, also known as a slipped disc, happens when the soft inner part of an intervertebral disc pushes out through a weak or torn outer layer. Intervertebral discs are like cushions between the bones in the spine. They help absorb shock when you move. When a disc slips, it can put pressure on nearby nerves, causing pain and other problems. The lower back (lumbar spine) and neck (cervical spine) are the most common places for a slipped disc to happen. It can happen slowly over time because of wear and tear, or suddenly after an injury or strain. It can have a big effect on daily life.

Symptoms
The symptoms depend on where the nerve is compressed and the degree of compression. Some of the most common symptoms are back or neck pain, stiffness, and pain that spreads to the arms or legs. People may experience numbness, tingling, or muscle weakness in the affected limb. Moving, coughing, or sitting for a long time can make the pain worse. If the condition is severe, it may be hard to walk or to lose control of the bladder or bowels, which requires immediate medical attention.

Causes
Age-related degeneration of spinal discs is a common cause of slipped discs. This makes the discs less flexible and more likely to tear. Lifting things the wrong way, twisting quickly, staying in a bad position for too long, and doing the same thing over and over again all raise the risk. Being overweight, smoking, and not getting enough exercise also play a role. Disc herniation can happen even in younger people if they have a traumatic injury or an accident.

Diagnosis
A medical history and physical exam to assess pain, movement, and nerve function are the first steps in diagnosing. Imaging studies are necessary for verification. MRI is the best test for seeing disc herniation and nerve compression. X-rays can help rule out other spinal problems.

Treatment
Most of the time, people with slipped discs don't need surgery. Rest, painkillers, physical therapy, and exercises to strengthen the back muscles are all part of treatment. Making lifestyle changes, such as improving your posture and keeping your weight in check, is important. In cases of chronic pain or neurological deficits, injections or surgical excision of the herniated disc segment may be necessary. Early treatment helps stop problems from getting worse